Wilhelm Richard Wagner (; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director,
polemicist, and conductor who is primarily known for his operas (or, as some of his later works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the
libretto and the music for each of his stage works. Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the
romantic vein of
Weber and
Meyerbeer, Wagner revolutionised opera through his concept of the
Gesamtkunstwerk ("total work of art"), by which he sought to synthesise the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts, with music subsidiary to drama, and which was announced in a series of essays between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the four-opera cycle
Der Ring des Nibelungen (
The Ring of the Nibelung).