Moldovan and Moldavian refer to something of, from, or related to Moldova (a landlocked country in Eastern Europe), or to the historical region of Moldavia, which currently spans eight north-eastern counties of Romania, the Republic of Moldova, and parts of Ukraine (Chernivtsi oblast and Budjak). It may also refer to:

• Moldovan cuisine
• Moldovans (also rendered as Moldavians), the identity group forming the majority population of Moldova
• Moldovan language (also Moldavian), one of the names of the official language of Moldova
• Moldavian subdialect of Romanian (speech/variety), one of several varieties of Romanian language
• Moldovan (surname), a common surname in Romania and Moldova
• Moldavian Airlines, an airline based in Chisinau, Moldova
• Moldovan, a folk dance from Croatia

Moldovan or Moldovanu is a common surname in Romania and Moldova. It may refer to any of the following:

• Aleksandr Mikhailovich Moldovan (; born 1951, Chernivtsi), a Bukovina-born Ukrainian-Russian linguist
• Marcela Moldovan-Zsak 
• Oleg Moldovan, Moldovan sports shooter and Olympic medallist
• Sacha Moldovan, American painter
• Tibor Moldovan, Romanian football player
• Komissar Tudor Miklovan (Moldovan) (1910 - ?)
• Valeriu Moldovan, Romanian politician
• Vasile Moldovan, ethnic Romanian revolutionary in Transylvania
• Viorel Moldovan, Romanian football player