The relations between France and Germany, since 1871, according to Krotz, has three grand periods:  'hereditary enmity' (down to 1945), 'reconciliation' (1945–63) and since 1963 the 'special relationship' embodied in a cooperation called Franco-German Friendship (; ).

The relations between France and Germany, since 1871, according to Krotz, has three grand periods:  'hereditary enmity' (down to 1945), 'reconciliation' (1945–63) and since 1963 the 'special relationship' embodied in a cooperation called Franco-German Friendship (; ).